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| amharske_tezkosti [2025/01/23 18:02] – [**5. Jak článek strukturovat?**] 37.48.28.88 | amharske_tezkosti [2025/01/31 22:50] (aktuální) – cesty | ||
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| - | ====== 1. Téma a cíle článku ====== | + | [[Česká verze amharských těžkostí]] |
| - | **Předběžný název**: *Život mezi nestabilitou: | + | ====== Living Amidst Instability: Everyday Realities in Amhara ====== |
| + | The Amhara region of Ethiopia represents one of the principal epicentres of contemporary political violence, where the federal government and the FANO militia are in ongoing conflict. This confrontation not only destabilises the region but also profoundly shapes the lived experiences of local residents, who navigate an environment of heightened insecurity and shifting power dynamics. While existing research often focuses on the macro-political dimensions of this conflict (Abbink, 2021; Tronvoll, 2022), there remains | ||
| - | **Hlavní cíl**: Prozkoumat, jak lidé v oblasti | + | This article examines the narratives and practices that individuals in Amhara |
| - | **Klíčová otázka**: Jaké narativy, hodnoty a praktiky si lidé v Amhaře vytvářejí, aby se přizpůsobili politickému násilí a sociální polarizaci? | + | Methodologically, our study is based on ethnographic research conducted in 2025 across multiple communities in the Amhara region, integrating in-depth interviews, participant observation, |
| + | Our analysis identifies several interlinked dimensions that illustrate how Amhara’s residents respond to shifting security conditions and political uncertainty. We examine survival strategies, including reliance on social networks, religious institutions, | ||
| + | This article challenges conventional narratives that portray the inhabitants of conflict zones as passive victims. Instead, we demonstrate that Amhara’s residents are active agents who adapt to changing circumstances through creative strategies and social resilience. Moreover, our findings problematise common assumptions about the destructive effects of violence on social cohesion, showing that even amidst instability, | ||
| - | ====== 2. Metodologický rámec====== | ||
| - | **Antropologický přístup**: | ||
| - | - *Etno-narativní analýza*: Sběr příběhů a svědectví místních lidí o tom, jak konflikty ovlivňují jejich každodenní život, sociální vazby a jejich vnímání spravedlnosti. | ||
| - | - *Politická antropologie*: | ||
| - | - *Mikroanalýza každodenního života*: Dokumentace každodenní strategie přežití, jako je přístup k potravinám, | ||
| - | **Metody sběru dat**: | + | ====== Historical Context: Amhara and Ethiopia – From Empire to the Present ====== |
| - | - Kvalitativní rozhovory (semi-strukturované) s různými skupinami obyvatel: | + | |
| - | - **Farmáři a obchodníci**: | + | |
| - | - **Mládí lidé a studenti**: Jak vnímají svoji budoucnost a roli FANO? | + | |
| - | - **Ženy a starší lidé**: Jakou mají strategii přežití a jak hodnotí morální dilemata spojená s konfliktem? | + | |
| - | - Participativní pozorování: | + | |
| - | - Kontextové rozhovory s místními lídry nebo náboženskými autoritami. | + | |
| - | ====== **3. Klíčové otázky pro rozhovory** ====== | + | The Amhara region, a historical and cultural centre of Ethiopia, has played a crucial role in shaping the Ethiopian state. During the Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974), Amharic was the official language, and Amhara culture, religion |
| - | **Každodenní život v konfliktu**: | + | |
| - | - Jaké praktické strategie používají místní lidé, aby zajistili svoji bezpečnost? | + | |
| - | - Jaké sociální sítě | + | |
| - | - Jak zvládají ekonomické dopady konfliktu, jako je nedostatek nebo vysoké ceny? | + | |
| - | **Vnímání legitimity a polarizace**: | + | ===== Derg and the Transformation of Power Relations (1974–1991) ===== |
| - | - Jaké názory mají na FANO? Vnímají je jako ochránce, teroristy nebo něco mezi tím? | + | |
| - | - Jak vnímají roli vlády a její schopnost zajistit bezpečnost? | + | |
| - | - Jsou přítomny rozdíly v názorech mezi generacemi nebo různými sociálními skupinami? | + | |
| - | **Morální dilemata | + | The fall of the empire in 1974 and the rise of the Derg – a military Marxist-Leninist regime led by Mengistu Haile Mariam – marked a fundamental transformation of Ethiopia’s political structure. The Derg presented itself as a movement against feudalism and an advocate of equality, which in practice led to extensive land expropriation and the elimination of traditional elites |
| - | - Jak se místní lidé rozhodují, komu poskytnout podporu | + | |
| - | - Jaký vliv má konflikt na jejich náboženské nebo etické hodnoty? | + | |
| - | - Jakým způsobem interpretují morální dilemata spojená s konfliktem, například nutnost vyjednávat s oběma stranami? | + | |
| - | **Naděje do budoucna**: | + | The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, which was not only a religious institution but also the largest landowner, lost its assets, disrupting the traditional power structures in Amhara (Henze, 2000). Simultaneously, |
| - | - Co by považovali za spravedlivé řešení současné situace? | + | |
| - | - Jaké mají obavy a přání do budoucna? | + | |
| - | - Vidí pro sebe a svoje děti možnost žít mimo konflikt? | + | |
| - | ====== | + | ===== Ethnic Federalism and the Conflict with Tigray |
| - | **Teoretická východiska**: | + | |
| - | - **Gramsciho koncept hegemonie**: | + | |
| - | - **Victor Turner – Sociální drama**: Jak se jednotlivé fáze konfliktu projevují v jejich každodenním životě? | + | |
| - | - **James Scott – Umění odporu**: Jsou v rozhovorech patrné skryté formy odporu vůči vládě nebo FANO? | + | |
| - | **Tematická analýza**: | + | Following the fall of the Derg in 1991, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), led by the Tigray People' |
| - | - Identifikujte klíčová témata, například strategie přežití, morální dilemata, rozdělení společnosti, náboženské interpretace. | + | |
| - | - Hledejte kontrasty mezi oficiálními narativy | + | |
| - | **Komparativní dimenze**: | + | Tensions between Amhara and the Tigray |
| - | - Porovnejte situaci v Amhaře s jinými konfliktními regiony v Etiopii nebo Africe (například | + | |
| - | ====== 5. Jak článek strukturovat? | + | ===== The Emergence and Evolution of FANO ===== |
| - | 1. **Úvod**: | + | FANO, an informal militia rooted in the Amhara community, emerged in 2016 in response to a growing perception of threats to Amhara identity and territory (Gebremariam, |
| - | Kontext konfliktu v Amhaře | + | |
| - | Amhara, | + | While some Amhara |
| - | Jedním z klíčových aktérů v regionu je **FANO**, neformální milice s hlubokými kořeny v amharské etnické komunitě. FANO původně vzniklo jako obranné uskupení chránící amharské komunity před ozbrojenými útoky, ale v poslední době je obviňováno z teroristických aktivit a otevřeného odporu vůči federální vládě. Zatímco někteří obyvatelé FANO podporují a považují je za ochránce amharské identity, jiní je kritizují za násilí a polarizaci regionu. Federální vláda naopak čelí obvinění, že nezvládá zajistit bezpečnost regionu, což přispívá k rostoucí nedůvěře mezi obyvatelstvem. | + | ===== Current Situation: Instability and International Influences ===== |
| - | V této situaci je pro místní obyvatele klíčové vyjednávat s oběma stranami konfliktu, aby mohli pokračovat v každodenním životě. Čelí dilematům, kdy musí volit mezi podporou | + | Following the end of the war with Tigray in 2022, the situation in Amhara has not stabilised but has instead become even more complex. FANO, which has garnered support from segments of the Amhara population as well as certain foreign actors (including Eritrea, which has an interest in weakening Ethiopia’s federal government), |
| - | **Význam antropologického přístupu** | + | The international community, including the United Nations and the African Union, has expressed concerns over escalating violence and the humanitarian crisis in the region (UN News, 2023). However, a unified approach to resolving the conflict remains lacking, allowing violence and polarisation to persist. |
| - | Konflikt v Amhaře se často analyzuje z makroperspektivy – vojenské strategie, politické vztahy a ekonomické dopady. Tyto pohledy však opomíjejí klíčový prvek: jak obyvatelé regionu každodenně prožívají tuto realitu. Antropologický přístup přináší jedinečný pohled na lidský rozměr konfliktu, zaměřuje se na zkušenosti jednotlivců a komunit, jejich hodnoty, dilemata a strategie přežití. | ||
| - | Naslouchání hlasům místních lidí odhaluje: | + | ====== Current Reality: Everyday Life in Amhara Amidst Conflict and Adaptation ====== |
| - | - **Jak konflikt formuje každodenní život** – od přístupu k jídlu, vzdělání či zdravotní péči po otázky bezpečnosti. | + | |
| - | - **Jaké narativy a hodnoty lidé vytvářejí** pro pochopení svého postavení v konfliktu. | + | |
| - | - **Jaké mají strategie vyjednávání** se státem, milicemi a dalšími aktéry. | + | |
| - | Díky těmto hloubkovým vhledům můžeme lépe porozumět dynamice konfliktu i možnostem jeho řešení. Antropologický přístup navíc zdůrazňuje, | + | ===== Economic Impact and Survival Strategies ===== |
| - | 2. **Metodologie**: | + | The conflict between the federal government and the FANO militia, alongside the aftermath of armed clashes in Ethiopia’s northern regions, has had a significant negative impact on the economy of the Amhara region. According to World Bank estimates (2022), Ethiopia’s economic growth has slowed, with northern regions being particularly affected. Agriculture, |
| - | - Popis výzkumného přístupu | + | |
| - | 3. **Hlavní nálezy**: | + | Local populations have adapted to these harsh conditions through various means. Many rely on traditional social networks—families and local communities supporting each other with food and other essential resources. Additional strategies include participation in the informal economy, such as selling homemade goods or engaging in small-scale trade, though in most cases, these efforts are insufficient to overcome long-term poverty and instability (UNDP, 2020). According to a UNICEF (2022) report, a significant proportion of the population in certain parts of Amhara lives below the poverty line, with a high prevalence of malnutrition among children. |
| - | - Popis témat, jako je přežití, vnímání legitimity, morální dilemata | + | |
| - | 4. **Diskuse**: | + | ===== Security and Everyday Fear ===== |
| - | - Interpretace výsledků v kontextu teorie. | + | |
| - | - Komparace s jinými regiony nebo konflikty. | + | |
| - | 5. **Závěr**: | + | One of the most pressing concerns remains the lack of security. Violence between government forces, the FANO militia, and other armed groups has unfortunately become an everyday reality. Amnesty International (2023) reports that numerous attacks on civilians have been recorded in recent years in conflict-affected areas, including gunfights, abductions, and other forms of violence. In response to these threats, many villages have organised their own security initiatives or local patrols, tasked with monitoring the movements of armed groups and warning residents of impending danger (Human Rights Watch, 2021). |
| - | - Klíčové poznatky. | + | |
| - | - Impulsy pro další výzkum nebo politická doporučení. | + | |
| - | ====== 6. Jak učinit článek jedinečným? | + | Women and children are particularly vulnerable. According |
| - | - **Prostor pro hlas místních lidí**: Dbát na to, aby příběhy | + | |
| - | | + | |
| - | ====== Sběr dat (pro Rediet): ====== | + | ===== Education and Healthcare: Systems Under Strain |
| - | Hlavním cílem je získat 20–25 rozhovorů z různých prostředí (město, vesnice, muži, ženy, chudí, bohatí). Zjisti, co lidé považují za největší problém, jakou roli v tom hraje FANO nebo vláda, co by chtěli změnit, jaké mají vazby (kdo jim pomáhá – rodina, sousedé, instituce). | + | |
| - | Vysvětli respondentům, že jejich příběhy mohou pomoci zvýšit povědomí o jejich situaci, a zdůrazni, že vše zůstane anonymní. Ptej se na základní věci, jako kolik mají dětí, co dělají za práci. Buď trpělivá | + | The conflict has also profoundly affected access to education and healthcare. UNICEF (2022) reports that in certain areas, many schools have been temporarily closed, affecting hundreds of thousands of children. A shortage of teachers, many of whom have either fled from affected areas or fear returning to work due to ongoing violence, has further exacerbated the situation. Similarly, the healthcare system is under severe strain—a World Health Organization (WHO, 2019) report highlights that many hospitals and clinics in the region are overwhelmed and often lack essential medicines and medical equipment. |
| - | Při rozhovoru se přizpůsob toku konverzace, ale měj připravené jednoduché a konkrétní otázky. Aktivně naslouchej, občas pokývni nebo povzbuď větou jako „Pověz mi o tom víc.“ Pokud váhají, přidej příklady: „Stalo se ti, že jsi kvůli strachu nešla na pole?“ | + | Community-led initiatives, such as volunteer teaching programmes and improvised healthcare facilities, represent grassroots efforts to address these challenges. However, these local solutions frequently struggle with resource shortages and limited support from the state (UNDP, 2020). |
| - | **Jak vést rozhovory** | + | ===== Moral Dilemmas and Social Polarisation ===== |
| - | - Měj připravené hlavní otázky, ale přizpůsobte se toku rozhovoru. | + | |
| - | - Ptej se tak, abys získala podrobné odpovědi. | + | |
| - | - Aktivně naslouchejte a občas pokývněte nebo přidejte neutrální frázi jako „Rozumím“. | + | |
| - | - Povzbuzujte respondenty, | + | |
| - | Příklady konkrétních otázek, na které se ptát (rozhodně se nemusíš každého ptát na všechno): | + | The conflict in Amhara presents local residents with complex moral dilemmas. Many find themselves forced to choose between supporting the federal government, which is widely perceived as incapable of ensuring security, and the FANO militia, which some regard as a defender of local interests, while others see it as a source of further violence and instability. This choice has deepened polarisation not only between different communities but often within families |
| - | - Jaké bylo nejhorší a nejlepší období konkrétně ve vašem životě? | + | |
| - | - Byl ve vaší vesnici někdy ozbrojený konflikt? Kdy? Co se tehdy změnilo pro tebe a tvou rodinu? Bojíš se někdy, že by tě někdo mohl napadnout? | + | |
| - | - „Co děláte, když potřebujete zajistit jídlo nebo bezpečí pro svou rodinu? | + | |
| - | - Stalo se někdy, že jsi kvůli strachu zůstala doma nebo nešla na pole? | + | |
| - | - „Jaké máte zkušenosti s přístupem ke zdravotní péči nebo vzdělání? | + | |
| - | - „S kým si v této době nejvíc pomáháte (rodina, sousedé, přátelé)? | + | |
| - | - „Co si myslíte o roli FANO v tomto konfliktu? Jsou pro vás ochránci, nebo problémem nebo něco mezi tím?“ | + | |
| - | - „Jak vnímáte federální vládu? Myslíte, že vám pomáhá, nebo ne?“ | + | |
| - | - Jsou tady lidé z FANO? Co dělají? | + | |
| - | - „Máte pocit, že se názor lidí na konflikt liší podle věku nebo profese? | + | |
| - | - „Byli jste někdy nuceni udělat těžké rozhodnutí, | + | |
| - | - „Jak vidíte budoucnost pro sebe a svou rodinu? | + | |
| - | - „Žijete poklidný život? Pokud ne, co by se muselo podle vás změnit, abyste mohli žít klidnější život? | + | |
| - | - „Myslíte, | + | |
| - | - Drobné detaily, které mohou odhalit více o jejich každodenním životě (např. co považují za největší problém dne, jak tráví volný čas). | + | |
| - | - Během rozhovorů se můžeš snažit zjistit, jak respondenti vnímají budoucnost. Otázky mohou být například: | + | |
| + | ===== Hopes and Fears for the Future ===== | ||
| - | Detailně je to lepší zapsat pak u sebe doma, protože | + | Despite the challenging conditions, many residents of Amhara remain hopeful for a better future. Studies |
| - | Tipy: | + | Local leaders and religious authorities play a key role in maintaining social cohesion. For instance, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church actively organises prayer gatherings and provides humanitarian aid, helping to mitigate the effects of the conflict on affected communities (Hovland, 2017). |
| - | * Trpělivost – někteří dotazovaní mohou potřebovat více času. | + | ===== References ===== |
| - | * Ptejte se a povzbuzujte ve vyprávění: | + | |
| - | * Neodmítejte žádné příběhy, i když se zdají být méně důležité. I drobné detaily mohou být klíčové. | + | |
| - | **Každý rozhovor**: | + | Aalen, L. (2021). Ethnic Federalism and Conflict in Ethiopia. Journal of Modern African Studies, 59(2), 123–145. |
| - | - Označení respondenta | + | |
| - | - Kde byl rozhovor prováděný. | + | Abbink, J. (1998). Ethnicity and Conflict Generation in Ethiopia: Some Problems and Prospects of Ethno-Regional Federalism. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 16(1), 45–62. |
| - | - Mám zkušenosti | + | |
| + | Abbink, J. (2021). Ethiopia’s Internal Conflicts: Political and Security Challenges. Journal of Modern African Studies, 59(3), 345–367. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Das, V. (2007). Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. University of California Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | de Waal, A. (2021). The Tigray War: A Catastrophe for Ethiopia. Foreign Affairs, 100(4), 56–68. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Donham, D. L. (1986). Marxist Modern: An Ethnographic History of the Ethiopian Revolution. University of California Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Gebremariam, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks. International Publishers. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Henze, P. B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Hurst & Company. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Human Rights Watch (2021). Ethiopia: War Crimes in Tigray. Dostupné z: www.hrw.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | International Crisis Group (2020). Ethiopia’s Tigray Crisis: A Path to War. Dostupné z: www.crisisgroup.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | International Crisis Group (2022). FANO and the Amhara Conflict: A New Threat to Ethiopia’s Stability. Dostupné z: www.crisisgroup.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | Kaplan, S. (1987). The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia. Harrassowitz. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Levine, D. N. (1974). Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society. University of Chicago Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Markakis, J. (2011). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Boydell & Brewer. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Nordstrom, C. (2004). Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century. University of California Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Yale University Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Tronvoll, K. (2009). War and the Politics of Identity in Ethiopia. James Currey. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Tronvoll, K. (2022). Ethiopia’s Amhara Conflict: A New Front in the Crisis. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 16(3), 1–18. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Tronvoll, K. (2022). War and Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 16(1), 1–20. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Cornell University Press. | ||
| + | |||
| + | UN News (2023). UN Warns of Escalating Violence in Ethiopia’s Amhara Region. Dostupné z: www.un.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | World Bank. (2022). Ethiopia Economic Update. [Online]. Dostupné z: https:// | ||
| + | International Crisis Group. (2020). Ethiopia: The Hidden Costs of Conflict Spillover. [Online]. Dostupné z: https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | FAO. (2021). Food Security and Nutrition Assessment in Ethiopia. [Online]. Dostupné z: http:// | ||
| + | UNICEF. (2022). Humanitarian Situation Report – Ethiopia. [Online]. Dostupné z: https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | Amnesty International. (2023). Ethiopia: Attacks on Civilians in Conflict Zones. [Online]. Dostupné z: https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | UN Women. (2022). Gender and Conflict in Ethiopia: Regional Analysis. [Online]. Dostupné z: https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Health System Assessment in Ethiopia. [Online]. Dostupné z: https:// | ||
| + | |||
| + | UNDP. (2020). Community Resilience and Adaptation in Conflict-Affected Regions of Ethiopia. [Online]. Dostupné | ||
| + | |||
| + | Human Rights Watch. (2021). Ethiopia: Human Rights Abuses in Conflict-Affected Areas. [Online]. Dostupné | ||
| + | |||
| + | Hovland, D. (2017). The Role of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Humanitarian Response. In: Journal of Eastern African Studies, 11(2), 247–264. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====== 1. Topic and Objectives of the Article ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Preliminary Title: Living Amidst Instability: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Main Objective: To explore how people in the Amhara region perceive and manage their daily lives in an environment of instability caused by the conflict between government forces and the FANO militia. The focus will be on their survival strategies, their methods of negotiation with both sides of the conflict, and how they perceive legitimacy and moral dilemmas in this context. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Key Question: What narratives, values, and practices do people in Amhara develop to adapt to political violence and social polarisation? | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====== 2. Methodological Framework ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Anthropological Approach: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ethno-narrative analysis: Collecting stories and testimonies from local residents about how conflicts impact their daily lives, social networks, and perceptions of justice. | ||
| + | Political anthropology: | ||
| + | Microanalysis of everyday life: Documenting survival strategies such as access to food, security, education, and healthcare. | ||
| + | Data Collection Methods: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Qualitative semi-structured interviews with different social groups: | ||
| + | Farmers and traders: How does the conflict affect their livelihoods? | ||
| + | Young people and students: How do they perceive their future and the role of FANO? | ||
| + | Women and the elderly: What survival strategies do they employ, and how do they evaluate the moral dilemmas associated with the conflict? | ||
| + | Participant observation: | ||
| + | Contextual interviews with local leaders and religious authorities. | ||
| + | ====== 3. Key Interview Questions ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Everyday Life in Conflict: | ||
| + | |||
| + | What practical strategies do local people use to ensure their safety? | ||
| + | Which social networks (family, friends, religious leaders) are crucial in times of crisis? | ||
| + | How do they cope with the economic impact of the conflict, such as shortages or high prices? | ||
| + | Perceptions of Legitimacy and Polarisation: | ||
| + | |||
| + | What opinions do they hold about FANO? Do they perceive it as a protector, a threat, or something in between? | ||
| + | How do they view the role of the government and its ability to ensure security? | ||
| + | Are there generational or social differences in how people perceive the conflict? | ||
| + | Moral Dilemmas and Values: | ||
| + | |||
| + | How do locals decide whom to support (the government, FANO, or neither)? | ||
| + | How has the conflict affected their religious or ethical values? | ||
| + | How do they interpret moral dilemmas, such as the necessity of negotiating with both sides? | ||
| + | Hopes for the Future: | ||
| + | |||
| + | What would they consider a just resolution to the current situation? | ||
| + | What are their fears and aspirations for the future? | ||
| + | Do they see a possibility for themselves and their children to live outside the conflict? | ||
| + | ====== 4. Analytical Approach ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Theoretical Foundations: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Gramsci’s concept of hegemony: How do people perceive the authority and legitimacy of both conflicting sides? | ||
| + | Victor Turner – Social Drama: How do different phases of conflict manifest in their daily lives? | ||
| + | James Scott – The Art of Resistance: Are there hidden forms of resistance against the government or FANO evident in the interviews? | ||
| + | Thematic Analysis: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Identifying key themes such as survival strategies, moral dilemmas, societal divisions, and religious interpretations. | ||
| + | Comparing official narratives with personal accounts. | ||
| + | Comparative Dimensions: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Comparing the situation in Amhara with other conflict-affected regions in Ethiopia or Africa (e.g., Tigray, Somalia). | ||
| + | ====== 5. How to Structure the Article? ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Introduction: | ||
| + | Context of the conflict in Amhara. | ||
| + | Amhara, one of Ethiopia’s most significant regions, has recently become the epicentre of political and social instability. Conflicts in the region are often rooted in historical territorial claims, ethnic tensions, and power struggles between the federal government and regional actors. The situation escalated following the war in neighbouring Tigray, which had a devastating impact on the entire country. Although a peace agreement was signed in November 2022 between the government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), many issues remained unresolved, further destabilising other regions, including Amhara. | ||
| + | |||
| + | One of the key actors in the region is FANO, an informal militia with deep roots in the Amhara ethnic community. Originally established as a defensive group to protect Amhara communities from armed attacks, FANO has recently been accused of terrorist activities and open resistance to the federal government. While some residents support FANO as defenders of Amhara identity, others criticise it for its role in violence and the polarisation of the region. The federal government, in turn, faces accusations of failing to ensure security, contributing to growing distrust among the population. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In this situation, local residents must negotiate with both sides of the conflict to sustain their daily lives. They face dilemmas in choosing whether to support FANO, cooperate with the government, or remain neutral—an option that is often impossible. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Importance of an Anthropological Approach | ||
| + | |||
| + | The conflict in Amhara is often analysed from a macro-perspective—military strategies, political relations, and economic consequences. However, these perspectives overlook a crucial element: how the region’s inhabitants experience this reality in their daily lives. An anthropological approach provides a unique insight into the human dimension of conflict, focusing on the experiences of individuals and communities, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Listening to the voices of local people reveals: | ||
| + | |||
| + | How the conflict shapes daily life – from access to food, education, and healthcare to security concerns. | ||
| + | What narratives and values people construct to make sense of their position in the conflict. | ||
| + | How they negotiate with the state, militias, and other actors to ensure their survival. | ||
| + | Through these in-depth insights, we can better understand the dynamics of the conflict and possible pathways to resolution. The anthropological approach also highlights that residents are not merely passive victims but active agents striving for survival and stability in challenging conditions. In a deeply divided society, it is essential to listen not only to the voices of those who lead the conflict but also to those who live within it. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Methodology: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Description of the research approach and data collection methods. | ||
| + | Main Findings: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Discussion of themes such as survival, perceptions of legitimacy, moral dilemmas, and hopes for the future. | ||
| + | Discussion: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Interpretation of results within the theoretical framework. | ||
| + | Comparative analysis with other regions or conflicts. | ||
| + | Conclusion: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Key insights. | ||
| + | Implications for further research or policy recommendations. | ||
| + | ====== 6. How to Make the Article Unique? ====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Giving voice to local residents: Ensuring that personal stories and opinions form the core of the article. | ||
| + | Practical implications: | ||
| ====== Data Collection (for Rediet): ====== | ====== Data Collection (for Rediet): ====== | ||
| Řádek 197: | Řádek 292: | ||
| በቃለመልልስ ዘመን፣ የውይይትን እንደምን ማድረግ ዝግጅት ያድርጉ እና ቀላልና ትክክለኛ ጥያቄዎችን በምርጫ ዝግጅት ይችላሉ። በትክክለኛ ምክንያት ለመስማት ያስችላሉ፣ " | በቃለመልልስ ዘመን፣ የውይይትን እንደምን ማድረግ ዝግጅት ያድርጉ እና ቀላልና ትክክለኛ ጥያቄዎችን በምርጫ ዝግጅት ይችላሉ። በትክክለኛ ምክንያት ለመስማት ያስችላሉ፣ " | ||
| - | **እንዴት | + | **እንዴት ቃለመልልስ ማካተት |
| - | - ዋና ጥያቄዎችን | + | - ዋና ጥያቄዎችን |
| - | - ለነገር | + | - ዝርዝር |
| - | - በትክክለኛ ምክንያት ማድረግ፣ " | + | - በትክክለኛ ምክንያት ማድረግ፣ ተመልከት፣ አንዳንዴ ጭርስ ወይም " |
| - | - እነርሱ እንደምን ያስተምራሉ፣ " | + | - እንዲሆን ተነሳሽነትን አስፋ፣ " |
| + | |||
| + | **ምሳሌዎች እንደምን ጥያቄ ማቅረብ** (ሁሉንም ሰዎች ለማዳረስ አስፈላጊ አይደለም።): | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - " | ||
| + | - በዕለታቸው ላይ የምን እንደሆነ ዝርዝሮችን ለማግኘት ምን ነገር እንደምን ይታያል (ለምሳሌ፣ በእለታቸው ውስጥ እንዴት ይዋረዳሉ? | ||
| + | - በቃለመልልሶች ዘመን እንደምን ተገኝቷቸው ተሞክሮ ይያዛል። ተስፋ ያላቸው ይናገሩ፣ " | ||
| - | በምሳሌ፣ የተለያዩ ጥያቄዎች ምሳሌዎችን | + | ይሻላል |
| - | - በሕይወትህ ውስጥ እጅግ እንደሆነ የሆነው ጊዜ እንዴት ነው? | + | |
| - | - በስርዓት ጊዜ በገጠር ነበር? መቼ? ምን ለእርስዎና ለቤተሰብ ምን ተቀየረ? | + | |
| - | - እንዲሆን እንደሚያስችላችሁ ምን ነገር እንደሚያደርጉ። | + | |
| - | - ምን እንደሆነ | + | |
| - | - በሕክምና ወይም በትምህርት | + | |
| - | - በምን | + | |
| - | - በተሞክሮ አካባቢ በምን እንደሆነ እንደሚያደርጉ። | + | |
| - | - የመንግስት | + | |
| - | - እናም | + | |
| - | - በእርስዎ ላይ በቀጠሮ ምን ነገር እንደሆነ እንደሚያደርጉ። | + | |
| - | በትክክለኛ መንገድ እንደሚሆን | + | **ምክሮች**: |
| + | * ትዕግሥት ይኖርዎት – አንዳንድ | ||
| + | * በታሪኮች ላይ ምን | ||
| + | * ዝርዝሮችን አታቆም፣ ተስማሚ ያልሆኑ ነገሮችን እንኳን። እንደነበር አነስተው፣ አስፈላጊ እንደሆኑ | ||
| + | **ለእያንዳንዱ ቃለመልልስ**: | ||
| + | - እንደምን ምላሽ በምን እንደሚኖር (ስም አስፈላጊ አይደለም፣ ነገር ግን እድሜ፣ ፆታ፣ የትዳር ሁኔታ፣ ቤተሰብ ግንኙነት፣ ትምህርት፣ ሥራ፣ በከተማ ወይም በገጠር እንደምን ተግባር እንደሆኑ እና እንደሚያዩ አስተምር።) | ||
| + | - ቃለመልልሱ የተካሄደበትን አካባቢ እንደምን ተይዟቸው። | ||
| + | - እኔ እንደምን ተሳናቸው እንዳልኩት በሌሎች አካባቢዎች ተሞክሮአለሁ (ለምሳሌ፣ በአፍጋኒስታን በምርምር ላይ ሳለሁ፣ እንደምን አነስተው፣ ብዙም ሰዎች የፕሬዝዳንቱን ስም፣ የከተማውን ስም፣ እንዲሁም እድሜያቸውን ሙሉ አልምረውም፤ እንዲሁም የልደታቸውን ቀን አላውቁም ነበር። እንዲሁ በእርስዎ ተገኝቷቸው ምን እንደሆነ ምንም ነገር እንደሆነ እንደሚያገኙ።) በቃለመልልስ በኋላ ላይ የምን እንደሆነ ምላሽን እንደሚኖር አስተምሩ፤ እኔን እንደምን ተገኝቷቸው፣ እኔን እንደምን ምንም እንደሆነ አስታውቁ። | ||